孕期空气污染暴露与婴儿出生后前两年生长轨迹之间的关联：探索潜在的性别差异及敏感期

Associations between prenatal exposure to air pollution and infant growth trajectories in the first two years: Exploring potential sexual dimorphism and sensitive windows

孕期空气污染暴露与婴儿出生后前两年生长轨迹之间的关联：探索潜在的性别差异及敏感期

Authors:Zhen-Hua Li,Si-Wei Dai,Si-Yu Zhang,Chen Sun,Jia-Hui Li,Kai Huang,Mao-Lin Chen,Guo-Peng Gao,Cheng-Yang Hu,Xiu-Jun Zhang

Source:Environmental Research

PMID:40639597

DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2025.122322

Abstract

Background: The exposure-response association between prenatal air pollution and infant growth trajectories is unknown.

Objectives: This study aims to assess how single and mixed exposure to prenatal air pollutants influence early-life growth trajectories and to explore the potential for sexual dimorphism and sensitive windows.

Methods: This study conducted a longitudinal analysis of 2278 mother-infant pairs from Ma' anshan birth cohort in China. We used a satellite-based spatiotemporal model to assess prenatal exposure levels to six air pollutants. Standardized anthropometric assessment of infants at various time points. We assessed the association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and anthropometric measurements at various time points, using generalized linear regression and linear mixed models. Additionally, we applied group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) to determine weight-for-age (WAZ) growth trajectories for all infants and for infants of different sexes during the first 0-2 year. To estimate the relationship between prenatal air pollutants and WAZ trajectories and to explore potential sex differences and sensitivity windows, multivariate logistic regression models, WQS, BKMR, and DLNMs were used.

Results: Compared to the moderate-stable WAZ trajectory, exposure to air pollutants (excluding O3) during the 2nd trimester was positively associated with an increased risk of a high-stable WAZ trajectory in female infants. The WQS and BKMR results also indicated that 2nd-trimester exposure to a mixture of air pollutants was associated with an increased risk of a high-stable WAZ trajectory in female infants, with SO²and NO²identified as key pollutants. Additionally, the 2nd trimester was identified as a sensitive window for the effects of PM_2.5, NO², SO², and CO on the high-stable WAZ trajectory in female infants.

Conclusion: Exposure to air pollution during the 2nd trimester is positively associated with the risk of the high-stable WAZ trajectory in female infants.

Keywords: Air pollution; Growth trajectories; Longitudinal analysis; Mixture approaches; Sensitive windows.

摘要：

背景：孕期空气污染与婴儿生长轨迹之间的暴露-反应关联尚不明确。

研究目的：本研究旨在评估单一及混合暴露于孕期空气污染物对早期生命生长轨迹的影响，并探讨性别差异及敏感时期的潜在可能性。

方法：本研究对来自中国马鞍山出生队列的2278对母婴进行了纵向分析。我们采用基于卫星的时空模型评估了胎儿期对六种空气污染物的暴露水平。在不同时间点对婴儿进行标准化体格测量评估。我们采用广义线性回归和线性混合模型，评估胎儿期空气污染物暴露与不同时间点体格测量指标之间的关联。此外，我们应用基于群体的轨迹建模(GBTM）确定所有婴儿以及不同性别婴儿在0-2岁期间的体重-年龄(WAZ）生长轨迹。为估算孕期空气污染物与WAZ轨迹的关系并探索潜在性别差异和敏感窗口，采用了多元逻辑回归模型、WQS、BKMR和DLNMs。

结果：与中等稳定WAZ轨迹相比，孕中期暴露于空气污染物(不包括O³）与女性婴儿出现高稳定WAZ轨迹的风险增加呈正相关。WQS和BKMR结果还表明，孕中期暴露于多种空气污染物的混合物与女性婴儿出现高稳定WAZ轨迹的风险增加相关，其中SO²和NO²被识别为关键污染物。此外，第二孕期被识别为PM2.5、NO²、SO²和CO对女性婴儿高稳定WAZ轨迹影响的敏感窗口期。

结论：第二孕期暴露于空气污染与女性婴儿高稳定WAZ轨迹的风险呈正相关。

关键词：空气污染；生长轨迹；纵向分析；混合物方法；敏感窗口期